Inflight Catering and Waste Management in the Emirates Airlines Dissertation

Inflight Catering and Waste Management in the Emirates Airlines - Dissertation Example The travel industry and travel can't create without aeronautics. Interest for air transport is proceeding as humankind and innovation grows quickly. The aeronautics business is an exceptionally serious industry. Guidelines and numerous imperatives are forced by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and it is inside this setting Emirates Airlines works. The different carriers working at the Dubai International Airport need to follow guidelines on complex components managing parking areas, landing and take-off calendars, and natural issues. Providing food administrations need to adhere to touchy standards and guidelines on the grounds that these exercises can cause natural issues. (Abdi and Sharma, p. 296) Â This paper is about Emirates Airlines and the natural effect the firm makes as a result of its different exercises. The paper explicitly addresses the waste produced because of in-flight providing food. Inflight providing food produces a lot of misuse of different sorts and it requests a compelling waste administration. Natural effect proposes a few sub-subjects, for example, ozone harming substance impacts, squander age and other ecological worries inside the flight business that need conversation and top to bottom examination. Strong and food squanders from aircrafts are discarded, prepared or isolated at air terminals. Consequently, squander the executives at air terminals is a critical piece of this paper. Â Emirates Flight Catering, an organization framed under the Emirates Group, creates huge amounts of waste from in-flight providing food. It serves the Emirates airplane and different carriers working at the Dubai International Airport. The firm has a waste administration framework completed by an Environmental Team whose activity is to keep up a nearby coordination and joint effort of the various units of waste administration of the Emirates.

African American Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

African American Final - Essay Example Bondage, also called constrained as work, was a type of human force that existed legitimately from the early frontier time frame. Subjugation got illicit in the Northwest Territory following an assertion set out by the Congressi. Following these battles towards liberating the dark individuals from the York of their lords, whites, numerous researchers, and scientists put down into composing numerous academic articles clarifying in order what truly occurred back then. Present in the rundown of these researchers are Donald Wright, Deborah Gray White, and John Hope Franklin among others. Aside from these acclaimed scholars, there were extraordinary anecdotal works introduced in type of pictures and thoughts in the Jubilee, Amistad, and Glory. Their principle include centers around subjection in America and gives an unmistakable comprehension about its end. Presentation Once more, servitude picked up its grasp in 1800 in spite of its lawlessness because of the ascent of cotton industry. N otwithstanding, in 1807, it got illicit and culpable. Now, cases abrogating subjugation and its development were wild whereby few abolitionists from the North impugned the go about as wicked. These estimations confronted extraordinary resistance from abolitionist bondage powers who dismissed the move asserting that it was negative and exacted the privileges of free men. Disregarding rising endeavors to include slave abolishment, eleven expresses that split away in 1861 united and framed the Confederate States of America. This showed, all the endeavored bargains failedii. To give servitude a characteristic passing, the 1862 Union pledged to make slave nullification a war to win and in 1865, all the slaves inside the Untied States of America were free and their proprietors got no pay. In this article, I will try to sort out and build up an astute composition on the finish of subjugation in the United States. African Americans and the finish of subjugation in the United States Document ed proof declares that, individuals of African American goodness assumed a significant job towards the abolishment of bondage in America. This was a result of a misstep submitted in the 1619 when the primary African slaves set foot on the American soil in Virginia. The creation of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 offered ascend to expanded interest for additional slaves. Be that as it may, seeing what they were experiencing, some subjugated African Americans, for example, Gabriel Prosser who was a metal forger, intended to compose a slave revolt planned for walking on Richmond, Virginia. After revealing their connivance, the state government outlaw law approved hanging of Prosser related to some of the renegades. African Americans, notwithstanding the whites, acted allegorically taking into account finishing bondage in Americaniii. Incredible individuals like Denmark Vesey who was an African American woodworker, bought his opportunity to turn into a slave abolishment lobbyist. He arranged a slave revolt meaning to lay attack in a spot on Charleston, South Carolina. The most critical job was that of the oppressed African American Preacher, Nat Turner since he drove the most natural uprising of bondage in the American History. Along with his band of supporters, Turner propelled a short yet wicked insubordination in the region of Southampton in Virginia. Also, the distributing of the week after week paper, Liberator, by William Lloyd Garrison upheld and prompted full abrogation of servitude after making total attention to opportunity. The Liberator offered ascend to the distributing of the Uncle Tom’s Cabin Novel by Harriet Stowe. This tale started a lot of abolitionist subjection estimations, which were profoundly compelling. President Lincoln beat the rundown of all the

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Haas Students Venture

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Haas Students Venture Because of its proximity to Silicon Valley, the Haas School of Business at the University of California-Berkeley benefits from an entrepreneurial  halo effect, and many applicants  therefore consider it a good location from which to launch careers in venture capital and private equity.  Nonetheless, of Haass Class of 2009, only 1.7% entered these fields. Regardless of the small numbers (and we should note that this is relatively consistent with levels at many of Haass peer schools),  opportunities abound at Haas for students who are targeting this field, via  the Lester Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation. One unique opportunity for a small number of students is the Haas New Venture Fellows Program, which offers three to five first-year students and one to two second-year students the opportunity to perform actual project work for local venture capital firms for academic credit. Students in this highly selective program have completed projects with such firms as Bessemer Ventu re Partners and Trinity Ventures. The New Venture Fellows also participate in the program’s Pitch Lab, in which budding entrepreneurs from within the UC Berkeley community can practice their pitches for feedback and advice. In addition, the program organizes events to facilitate networking between its fellows and practicing venture capitalists in the area. Although entering the venture capital world right out of business school can be quite challenging, attending a school that can get you  in the door certainly helps. Share ThisTweet Berkeley-Haas Friday Factoids

The Faith And Justice Within The Catholic Tradition

Tradition is an argument extended through time in which certain fundamental agreements are defined and redefined. The Catholic Tradition refers to a way of living out the Christian faith, through which the essential concepts and notions of the community of believers continue to be present throughout time. More specifically, faith and justice within this particular tradition were strongly exemplified in the past and continue to exist firmly in the world today. These two concepts are key foundations in the forming of communities within the Catholic Tradition, faith with regard to the Eucharist and justice with regard to the preferential option for the poor, and this argument can be directly seen, proven, extended through time. Faith seeks†¦show more content†¦Teachings surrounding mysticism, or the practice of attuning one’s sight to see the depths of reality, send the same message of using material objects, or what is real to us as mankind, to reach a greater fullness of understanding regarding formal objects, or things intangible. Thomas Aquinas even argues that not only is the Eucharist as a material object a way in which we may connect to God, it is the one true â€Å"medium on account of which we assent to†¦faith†, representing the importance of the Eucharist to our Catholic Tradition throughout time. This assent to faith through the Eucharist not only involves belief but also a sort of blind trust in God, oneself, and the surrounding community of believers. Throughout the entirety of the Catholic Tradition, followers of God have been required to put faith in things they are unsure of. For example, in his general letters, Paul emphasizes the courage to trust a promise and use the visible signs to find solace in the invisible. Specifically, in his Letter to the Hebrews, he speaks of faith being the power to use creation, a tangible concept, as a source of understanding the Creator, an intangible concept. In this case, we must rely on the visible and tangible signs, the bread and wine presented at Mass, to be symbols and a mode of understanding Christ’s sacrifice and God’s endless love for humanity, which are considered intangibleShow MoreRelatedAugustine And Two Fathers Of The Greek Church1702 Words   |  7 Pageshas over them, which continues the success of that authority. As two major architectural and artistic pieces within Saint Peter’s their large size and symbolism is meant to awe attendees and inspire exhalation of the divinity that must surely rest within the amazing walls of the church, and by extension follow the ones who have been â€Å"selected by God† to run His Holy Catholic Church (Catholic Canonists). Although in reality, the appointment of Archbishops, Bishops, and Cardinals acts more like a smallRead MoreEssay on The History of Catholicism an How Its Depicted1201 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the `reformers, but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties... Protestantism played a part, dialectically, in the Catholic renascence. Oportet haereses esse, as St. Paul says; and heresy obliged the Church to devise an exact statement of her doctrine upon certain points, to establish her positionRead MoreMartin Luther And His Influence On Peasant Results951 Words   |  4 Pagesquestioned some of the basic beliefs and principles of the Roman Catholic church and his followers split from the Roman Catholic to begin the protestant tradition. Martin Luther spent a few years at the monastery and finally became an Augustinian monk. Martin Luther gained religious enlightenment through the studies of the scriptures. Martin Luther believed that the key to spiritual salvation was not the fear of God but the believe that faith alone will bring salvation. This thinking set the motion forRead MoreCalvin and Human Freedom1700 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers have struggled to agree on the ideas of human freedom. This struggle seems to stem from the debate over faith vs. reason, or the internal and external sources that lead to human thought and understanding, through which free will is then interpreted and carried out by means of the will. A hidden and constant strive for spiritual enlightenment has always been embedded within humans since the beginning of the Fall. Through this natural drive of pursuing spiritual enlightenment comes the creationRead MoreExplain the Contribution to the Development and Expression of Christianity of John Xxiii.1233 Words   |  5 Pagesadvocate of Christian unity, social justice, human rights and the promotion of world peace. It is through his development of the Second Vatican Council, his contribution to ecumenism and his empathy for humanity that Pope John XXIII made a significant impact upon the development and expression of Christianity. The essence of the contribution made by Pope John XXIII was his calling together of the Second Vatican Council that aimed to address modernisation of the Catholic Church, ecumenism and to bringRead MoreAustralia s Present Religious Tradition1349 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia’s Present Religious Landscape Christianity as the major religious tradition: Christianity is the major religious tradition today and has been since around 1945. Many of the British who first came to Australia, either as convicts or free settlers were Christians. They formed the huge base for Christianity to rise to the top religion in Australia before they began to let more immigrants enter. In the 1947 census, 88% of the population (not including Aboriginals because they were not consideredRead MoreChinese Popular Religion Essay : Chinese Religion921 Words   |  4 PagesChinese Popular Religion Essay This last week the world has said goodbye to Mohamad Ali and bid Queen Elizabeth yet another of her 90 years. One might wonder what a Muslim, Catholic and the Dao have in common. Each with their own ideals these two cultural icons have lived in the Dao. â€Å"All humans are part of the cosmic process, the Tao, and are composed of the complimentary forces of yin and yang† (Lecture 6,2014). To live in the Dao one must revere humanities’ bond to humanity by following the fiveRead MoreThe Islam And The Muslim Community1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe Islam faith grew stronger and united during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammed. Soon after his death, differences regarding leadership of the Muslim community instigated conflict. By the year 650 AD, the Islamic community had divided into two main branches, the Shia and the Sunnis. Similar beliefs and practices among both sects have allowed for their members to co-exist for centuries. However, differences in theology, law, and religious organizations have caused drastic conflict and competitionRead MoreJesuit Education Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood that their call to be ‘men for others’ expanded beyond cultural, economic and national boundaries. In 1975, the 32nd General Congregation (GC 32) further elaborated on the mission of Jesuit education as the service of the faith and the promotion of justice.† This proclamation challenged Jesuits and all who worked at their institutions to work on behalf of the poor and youth. A few years later, former Father General Pedro Arrupe recognized the transnational dimensions of the refugee issueRead MoreChristianity And Islam : Sacred Texts Are Vital Sources Of Information On All Aspects Of Peace1637 Words   |  7 Pagesstated in Matthew 5 â€Å"love your enemies and pray for your prosecutors†. The core belief of Christianity is the belief in one God, the creator. As the instigator of creation, God commands humanity to live in peace. This also leads to living peacefully within the environment, as stated in Genesis; as stewards of the earth it’s our duty to respect and care for the earth and all aspects of creation. Another principal belief is that the peace of God is beyond this world and will be achieved in heaven; hence

Essay on Tools of The Central Banks - 841 Words

Interest rates are a tool that central banks use to implement monetary policy. They represent the percentage rate at which interest is paid by a borrower for the privilege of using money that has been lent to them and the interest can be paid at various time intervals. Higher interest rates will have an impact upon inflation and employment and could lead to a reduction in consumer spending and investment. The Bank of England meets every month to set the UK bank rate. There are nine members of the Committee and they are appraised of all the latest data on the economy and business conditions. Their task is to keep inflation below 2% but above 1% in the following 2 years. In the UK the current rate of interest, also known as the base rate,†¦show more content†¦Charlie Bean has suggested that any rises are in baby steps in order to avoid making mistakes. In other words he thinks the Bank should be cautious - this could entail raising rates soon - but at a smaller rate than has been implemented in the past, for instance at a rate of increase of 0.1% instead of the previous normal rate of 0.25%. It is generally accepted that low interest rates are inflationary and the Bank will be watching for early signs that this is happening and try to move interest rates up early to forestall it. Generally they would raise interest rates if they were concerned that inflation was on the increase in order to reduce demand and slow the rate of economic growth. At the present time there are no signs that inflation is picking up with the latest CPI figure coming in at 1.8% which may be attributable to the output gap. Interest rate movements have the largest impact for individuals on savings, mortgages and annuities, whilst for businesses it impacts the level of demand, interest on loans and the present value of assets and liabilities. Over the last 5 years savers have been badly hit by the low level of interest rates. This has been particularly hard for pensioners with savings. Higher interest rates would make it more attractive to save cash in deposit accounts as the level of interest received would be higher than at present, thus reducing the need to take on extra risk toShow MoreRelatedConventional and Unconventional Tools Used by Central Banks, A Basic Study Guide1320 Words   |  5 Pagesunconventional tools used by central banks. (a) 1. Conventional Tools: †¢ Change of its official interest rate: The third conventional method that the Central Bank uses to maintain economic stability is change of its official interest rate on the loans taken by the commercial banks from the Central bank or the rate at which the Central bank takes loans from the Commercial banks. †¢ Open Market Operations: In this conventional tool the Central bank buys and sells financial assets from banks to maintainRead MoreThe Predominant Mandate Of Central Banks Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesThe predominant mandate of central banks is to deal with inflation and keep the financial system stable under any circumstances (Ortiz, 2009), and the central banks handling the monetary policy through popular instruments are the only body who are responsible for doing so. Handa (2009) lists six most important instruments that central banks have used to run the money policy. These tools have been historically developed along with the vicissitudes of the central banks during the growth of the internationalRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesMonetary Policy Monetary policy is the mechanism of a country’s monetary authority (usually the central bank) controlling money in the economy so as to promote economic growth and stability by creating relatively stable prices and low unemployment. A monetary policy mainly deals with the supply of money, availability of money, cost of money and the rate of interest so as to attain a set of objectives aiming towards growth and stability of the economy. Monetary policy is said to be expansionaryRead More Monetary Policy Constraints in an Small Open and Dollarized Economy1459 Words   |  6 PagesOpen and Dollarized Economy Central Banks around the world use monetary and exchange rate policies to affect interest rates aggregate output and internal credit in the short run.[1] Nonetheless, in small open economies these tools have limited efficiency, since global markets determine interest rates. Many small economies use fixed exchange rate policies to control inflation or promote stabilization. This policy puts constraints on the use of monetary tools that increase aggregate output becauseRead MoreTaking a Look at Forward Guidance1243 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Bank of England Mark Carney implemented a strategy called ‘forward guidance’. He does not want high interest rate until the unemployment rate has fallen to 7%or below and the criteria including a quantitative project of inflation should be less than 2.5% in the medium term. The theory of forward guidance is actually a promise of future interest rate set by the central bank. It has been an important part of monetary policy; so it sai d to rescue UK economy by apply this policy. This tool is usingRead MoreThe Role of Banks in Economic Recessions1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of banks in economic recessions 05.05.2009 In today’s wavering global economic context, the word `crisis` is omnipresent, taking the media by assault and infringing into the population’s daily life, although many countries haven’t even officially entered recession yet. Although recession is generally referred to as a negative Gross Domestic Product growth for a period of at least two consecutive quarters, other important economicRead MoreMission and Strategy for Central Banking Systems676 Words   |  3 PagesMission and strategy What the BoE is for? As a broad sense every central bank has a primary macroeconomic focus on monetary policy which necessitates setting up price stability and in addition establishing institutional support to provide this steadiness. As only issuers of currency (which gives monopolistic power within an economy) central banks have primary obligation to establish a trust and confidence in money and financial institutions. This determines the basics of their monetary policy,Read MoreExcessive Growth Of Credit And Asset Prices763 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing shadow banking system etc. The following essay will describe some key risks associated with an excessive increase in credit growth and asset price and some policy tools which the central bank should adopt to keep these imbalances in check. Finally, the essay will conclude with some policy advice on adoption of these tools and keeping the credit growth in check The major risk associated with excessive growth of credit and asset prices is the buildup of economic bubbles in which any asset tradesRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay examples1403 Words   |  6 Pagesincludes the role of the government in regulating the economical performance of a country. It also explains the different features and tools of monetary and fiscal policy and their performance when applied to the third world countries with a huge informal sector. Monetary Policy Monetary policy is the mechanism of a country’s monetary authority (usually the central bank) taking up measures to regulate the supply of money and the rates of interest. It involves controlling money in the economy to promoteRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System And Central Banking System1592 Words   |  7 Pagesworld, the two largest central banks are the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the European Central Bank (ECB). There are many things that make these two entities similar and many things that make them different. Both are effective in their own ways, but which one is more effective. Is one superior than the other? Which central banking entity is more accountable? Looking at the structure of these entities will only help us answer the questions. When it comes down to it, which central banking system would you

Main Aspects of the Holocaust Essay - 8177 Words

Main Aspects of the Holocaust This project looks back at many of the main aspects of the Holocaust. On most topics I have focused in on one particular event or place (like Auschwitz for the camps or Kristallnacht for the Nazi rise). I did this as I think the Holocaust has to be looked upon on a more personal and individual level to see how bad it was and you cant really do this by simply over viewing a certain topic. I have chosen to cover the main bog standard areas like camps, Ghettos etc. Because, although it is slightly unoriginal, I knew little about them and wanted to find something out. Also, I dont think people appreciate just how bad some aspects (like the Ghettos) actually were. I†¦show more content†¦The party targeted the German peoples needs and aspirations, promising economic stability and the rise of Germany to where it belonged among the other thriving nations of the world. Also it provided a blame for the failure of their country and the loss of the war claiming that their government, who allied with the Jews had thus given their country a stab in the back. Apparently, the Jews had weakened the governments morale and will to fight. Finally, the party also claimed that only someone of German blood could be considered a rightful citizen of Germany, i.e. no Jew should be allowed to live in Germany, which was what this message was discreetly implying. Throughout this time, Hitler was at the forefront of the Nazi partys rise to power, using his likeable and persuasive personality, along with his ability to draw and win a crowd with his powerful public speaking. By 1923, Germany was undergoing an horrific inflation which saw a single American cent worth 1.66 million Reichmarks. During this time, the Nazi party attempted and failed to take over Germany, seeing Hitler land himself with a 5 year prison sentence, which eventually ended up being a brief 9 month spell. During this time, he wrote his book Mein Kampf which became a Bible to all people in the Nazi movement.Show MoreRelatedReading The Diary Of Anne Frank : An Essay Depth Resource For Learning About The Holocaust770 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching the Holocaust to high school students can be tricky at times. Choosing the right sources, whether primary or secondary, can be a daunting task. Students may connect to certain sources on an individual level, but other sources may m ake it hard to understand the â€Å"people† of the Holocaust. Susan Morger’s, Teaching the Diary of Anne Frank: An In-depth Resource for Learning about the Holocaust through the Writings of Anne Frank, offers high school teachers a very useful resource for teachingRead More Use of Narrative in John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas1012 Words   |  5 Pagesrhetorical structure that distorts reality in order to reveal it. This is an eminently evident actuality in John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. Through this distortion, Boyne is able to evoke the reader’s empathy, portray the horror of the Holocaust to a younger audience and convey human’s capacity for inhumanity and indifference. This is achieved by Boyne, primarily through the exaggeration of innocence throughout the novel, the content presented to the audience, and the use of a child narratorRead MoreBlack Newspapers And The Holocaust1608 Words   |  7 Pagescontinue to cover the Holocaust? After finding limited articles pertaining to the events of Kristallnacht, I was curious to see if more coverage would be dedicated to the events that came after. I specifically wanted to look into African American newspapers of the day in order to see how the African American community reacted to the atrocities. During this time period many African Americans were facing persecution at home, so I figured they would approach new of the Holocaust with a different outlookRead MoreThe Victims Of The Holocaust1073 Words   |  5 Pages Many victims of the Holocaust, regardless of race, endured the same unethical punishment for having what the Nazi’s believed to be wrong beliefs. Though Jewish people were the main target by the Nazi’s, groups such as homosexuals, Gypsies, and Jehovah’s Witnesses were also targeted. Locations that these people were imprisoned in varied from prisons to killing camps. There were multiple concentration camps, but certain ones had a greater importance due to their location, such as Sachsenhausen andRead MoreThe Memory Thief By Gil Kofman1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Memory Thief (US 2007, dir. Gil Kofman) explores the effects of post memory (Marianne Hirsch) on second-generation Holocaust survivors. How is this memory of the Holocaust passed on and what kind of different responses to this memory are shown in the film? The purpose of this essay is to understand Marianne Hirsch’s concept of Post memory in relation to Holocaust tragedy. Furthermore, the essay is going to analyse the meaning and effects of post memory on the second-generation. This will be examinedRead MoreUnintended Consequences - Israel from Palestine1297 Words   |  6 PagesPity from the Holocaust A common argument for the Holocaust’s causation in the creation of Israel and generous partition of Palestine is the potential for nations to pity the Jews for their suffering. In truth, Zionism wasn’t offered any gains by the Holocaust. Not only was the genocide irrelevant to the argument of Zionism to the rest of the world, but it also couldn’t be pitied, as it was not yet understood. Overall, the Palestine question – and it was just that: a question regarding PalestineRead MoreGenocide: A Historical Perspective Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† A few notable examples of genocide would be the War in Darfur, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Holocaust which are all among some of the worst genocides of the 20th century. The situation in Darfur is in part still going on today, while the Holocaust and Rwandan genocide are now a serious part of our world’s history. Each of these three genocides occurred due to political powers spinning out of control, and resulting inRead MoreMaus vs. Schindlers List1175 Words   |  5 PagesSchindler’s List vs. Maus A powerful and provocative graphic novel, Maus, generates a Jewish individual’s life of grotesque and horror. With its ability of perception and interpretation, it tackles the main points of the ominous Holocaust and delivers a spooky aura to the absorbed audience. In comparison to Schindler’s List, the graphic novel shines brightly than the pale movie due to its realism and humor that is constantly present throughout the storyline. The novel has the ability to connectRead MoreNazi Death Camps in the Night by Elie Wiesel833 Words   |  4 PagesNight is an non fiction, dramatic book that tells the horrors of the nazi death camps all around Europe. The book is an autobiographical account of what happened, so the main character is the author. The author is Elie Wiesel who was only 14 year old when Nazi Germany came through his town of Sighet, Transylvania. This is story is set between the years of 1944 and 1945. Elie and his family of 4 are optimistic when Germany begin s to take power. Germany invades Hungary, then arrives in Elie’s townRead MoreAnalysis Of White Noise By Don Delillo1467 Words   |  6 PagesLife is made up of lines. Lifelines, timelines, lines in the grocery store, plot lines, etc. Lines encompass many different aspects of life. Every person follows a different set of lines, guarding a few exceptions like birth and death. In the book White Noise by Don DeLillo readers get to experience different lines in the characters lives that may or may not correspond to readers own lives. The book White Noise even starts out by mentioning a line. The first line of the book remarks on the â€Å"long

Value Of Money And Portfolio Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Of Money And Portfolio Management? Answer: Introducation In todays time organisations encourage their employees to save money in order to secure their future. In this context governments has also made many provision regarding some schemes which will be beneficial for employees current as well future situation. Employees are encouraged to invest in superannuation plan to get maximum retirement remunerations from that. Employees are the soul of every organisation. They are the backbone which provide support and growth to the organisation, hence it is the duty of every organisation to provide each and every employee a secured future. For this they should inspire and should provide retirement and saving plans to employees. There has been increase in such kind of investments. Nowadays government has become super active and has made obligatory for every organisation to make contribution in such plans instead of their employees. It is also mandatory requirement from employee side to invest some amount of their remuneration to such plans or funds. The main objective behind these steps were to provide greater support to the employees during their retirement phase. With the passing time there has been increment in the retirement plans which provide more and flexible choices to the investor to think which plan will be beneficial for them. The organisations should also consider these plans with the changing time, so that employee retention rate could be increased and the employee is willing to work them. Investment in retirements plans has hots of benefits attached to it such as it permit us to finance now for the financial security of the employee when the employee will get retire. There are lots of business as well as employee benefits attached to it such business will get the tax credits and other kind of inducements from government to start a plan. Employer contribution to such plan are deductible while computing tax. On the other hand employees will also benefited with these contributions, such as income which is liable to tax will be reduced because he/ she will get the deduction from tax of such contribution. And contributions to such plans are easy to make. Employee financial security will be increased during his retirement time. Providing retirement benefit is very important to all at every stage of age and not just to the employee who is near about retirement. It should be done in prior to provide financial security to employee during his retirement period. Let us now discuss some superannuation plans which are available in the next discussion of the topic. IAS 19 is an accounting standard that deals with employee benefits. There can be short term employee benefit and post-employment benefit. Short term employee benefits are settled within 12 months after the end of yearly reporting. And in case of post-employment benefit includes defined benefit plan and defined contribution plan. Defined Benefit Plan vs. Investment Plan which one to choose, here is the thorough study on these plans:- In defined benefit plan employer makes contribution to a retirement plan of the employee on regular basis depending on the various factors such as Duration of employment and the salary history of the employee. There will some restrictions on the withdrawal from these funds by employee and there will guidelines when and how much an employee can withdraw from fund from time to time. It is basically a specific amount which is paid by employer to the employee at the time of retirement which is calculated by the defined formula. The formula for the retirement benefit generally takes into account following factors such duration of employment, employee salary which will average salary of three or five years of earnings. The formula can be presented as follows:- = Benefit percentage* average salary in past 5 years* years of plan membership* This can be explained by an example like average salary is $60000 Duration of service or plan membership is =20 yrs Percentage of benefit to be given= 3% Yearly pension will be calculated as= 60000*20*3%= $36000 Defined benefit plan allocate their profits through life endowments, employee receive identical episodic disbursement normally monthly or quarterly for the remaining they will be in this world. There are two types of defined benefit plan these can be funded and unfunded. In unfunded plan no asset is reserved separately and the employee is paid when they retire. In funded plan employers do contributions towards this plan for meeting the paybacks but the future returns of benefit are not known in advance and hence sometimes these contributions may not meet desired level to provide benefit. On the other hand in case of investment choice plan there is an investment accounting in which employer contributions and superannuation benefits are invested and the profit earned by these investments by deducting any organizational expense are distributed to the employees. If employee choose investment choice plan then he will have option to put forward the assets and portfolio they wanting to invest in. There are many investment and pension plans available in the market, employees have to make their investment decision very wisely in choosing those plans depending upon the risk and returns attached to it. There are many kinds of investment stratagems such an employee can invest in protected fund that have fixed interest payments and money. Steady fund in which the securities are fixed interest bearing but are exposed to foreign shares and bonds. Among these two kind of approaches protected funds bears less risk than steady fund. Employees choice of investment depends upon the risk and the return he will get by investments done by him in different investment plans. Types of many traditional plans available in the market such as term plans which includes term protection is the simple form of assurance as it offers risk cover in altercation annual remunerated outlays. When the employee retires it has two options to how to treat its contribution he can allocate its investment plan or he can cope those investment plans. The employees can make their choice between the two alternatives that is defined benefit plan and investment choice plan on the basis of their preferences by keeping various factors in mind such as risk involved , return involved the time value and price increment . Both the plans have their pros and cons but for long term security one should go for defined benefit plan as it provides payment with certainty and there is less risk involve in this type of plan. One should look into the risk and returns involve in the plans and choose the best plan according to that. Many investors are risk lovers because they are only concerned with the higher return, we can say that it totally depends on the employee preferences and the risk they wanted to bear. Time value of money means is the conception that identifies the applicable value of upcoming money movements arising as a consequence of monetary choices by bearing in mind the opportunity price of treasuries. With the passage of time money value gets reduced and there are many reasons for that like inflation or increase in prices which reduce the value of money in future. Another factors could be interest rate and risk premium. For integrating the monetary influence on the effectiveness of cash flows in business decisions, time value of money principle is used widely (Open learn , 2017) The fund manager have to make the decision regarding investments, dividend for the growth of the company like purchasing of any asset or sale of any undertaking that is the investing activities have influence on the timing of cash flows of the company. In other words we can say that time value of money is a value of $1 today will be different from value of $1 in the future. The cash flows which will arise at different point of time can be made analogous by using any of the following methods: Compounding Future value of single cash flow Annuity method. Time value of money is important for decision making and this can be explained with an example like the value of pound today is more than the pound in future so the investor can use this pound today to earn return or capital gains. Pound in future will be of much lesser value than today because of inflation. There are two section in the concept of time value of money one is present value and other is future value of money (PDF, 2017) Time value of money influence the decision of fund manager to a great extent, hence a fund manager has to take many consideration in mind while making decisions. When we will be able to know the value of cash flows for future we will be capable to take the resolution where and how we have to invest or spend and how we will get the returns. Same goes with the employees if they will know the time value of money they will be able to make decisions regarding the type plan they should choose keeping in mind the future and present value of money and returns and risks associated with that (Boundless, 2017) An efficient market is demarcated as a market where there are huge number of balanced, profit maximizers enthusiastically competing, with each trying to foresee future market values of individual securities, and where important current info is easily obtainable by all partakers. The efficient market hypothesis tells us about the speed with which information influence the prices of the security. As per numerous analysts it was perceived that data is slowly integrated in the price and it provides a chance to earn extra profit. But once the information is incorporated then the investor cannot earn this extra profit. There are three levels of market efficiency which are as follows: Weak form: this form of market tells us that all the historical market prices and data are fully revealed in securities prices and here in this condition technical analysis have no usage. Semi strong form: this form tells us that all overtly or publicly accessible info is fully revealed in securities prices and hence the fundamental analysis failed and have no usage. Strong form tells us that all info is fully redirected in security prices and the insider information have no usage in this situation (Forbes , 2017) Let us discuss about the portfolio management. Portfolio management refers to an art and science of making choices about investment mix and strategy, matching investment to purpose, asset apportionment for individual and establishments, and harmonizing threat against performance. Its all about strong point faults, opportunity and pressures in the choice of debt vs. equity, domestic vs. international, growth vs. safety, and many other transactions encountered in the attempt to maximize return at a given hungriness for possibility. A portfolio for an individual or a business is holding of securities and investments in monetary assets. These holdings are the result of individual inclinations and conclusion concerning danger and yield (IRS , 2017) Even if an efficient market hypothesis is true the pension fund manager will not select a portfolio with a pin because:- In efficient market all the investors have same info. Hence as an outcome the investor do not get the privilege to earn excess profit as they earn only average returns. For earning extra earning one should have to take additional risk. As the number of information channels increasing day by day even the best intricate stockholder is incapable of observing every portion of info. Other reason for not selecting portfolio with a pin even if the theory of efficient market postulate holds true is efficient market is not able to clarify additional instability. Individual generally and should invest in diversified portfolio. Investors wants high returns with low risk. Investors generally invest in diversified portfolio to earn high returns with low risk, as there is minimal long term risk in diversified portfolio. Hence the manger will and should try to invest his securities in diversified manner so that there will more return in a diversified way. Pension fund manager will look into the disadvantages of the efficient market hypothesis investment in comparison to the higher return with low risk by investing in diversified securities. References:- OpenLearn. (2017). The financial markets context. [online] Available at: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/money/accounting-and-finance/the-financial-markets-context/content-section-3 [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Morningstar.com. (2017). Model Portfolios for Savers and Retirees. [online] Available at: https://www.morningstar.com/content/morningstarcom/en_us/model-portfolios.html [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Boundless. (2017). Importance of the Time Value of Money. [online] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/boundless-finance-textbook/the-time-value-of-money-5/introduction-to-the-time-value-of-money-54/importance-of-the-time-value-of-money-255-8367/ [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Forbes.com. (2017). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2011/01/12/efficient-market-hypothesis-is-the-stock-market-efficient/refURL=https://www.google.co.in/referrer=https://www.google.co.in/ [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Retiremnt paycheck (2017). Defined benefit plans [online] Available at: https://www.myretirementpaycheck.org/retirement-plans/defined-benefit-plans.aspx [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Nath, T. (2017). Investing basics [online] Available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/article/investing-basics-what-is-the-efficient-market-hypothesis-and-what-are-its-shortcomings-cm530860 [Accessed 19 May 2017]. PDF (2017). Time value of money. [online] Available at: https://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/001945.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. IRS (2017). Lots of benfits- employment retirement plan [online] Available at: https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-sponsor/lots-of-benefits-when-you-set-up-an-employee-retirement-plan [Accessed 19 May 2017].